Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. · NASDAQ:TNXP

Tonix Pharmaceuticals — Technical Presentation (April 2026)

15 slides from Tonix Pharmaceuticals's technical presentation, April 2026

  1. Slide 1: TFF2 Deficiency Amplifies IL-1β–Driven Inflammation and Promotes Aging-Associated Gastric Tumor Progression

    TFF2 Deficiency Amplifies IL-1β–Driven Inflammation and Promotes Aging-Associated Gastric Tumor Progression Shuang Li, Postdoctoral Research Scientist Timothy C. Wang Lab Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York

  2. Slide 2: Disclosure Information

    Disclosure Information Shuang Li I have the following relevant financial relationships to disclose: Employee of: Tonix Pharmaceuticals (Co-authors: Bruce Daugherty, Seth Lederman) Grant/Research support: Tonix Pharmaceuticals No other financial relationships to disclose.

  3. Slide 3: Background

    Background  Aging is a major risk factor for gastric cancer, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined  Chronic low-grade inflammation (“inflammaging”) is a hallmark of aging tissues  The stomach undergoes profound epithelial and immune remodeling during aging  TFF2 is a mucosal protec

  4. Slide 4: Results

    Results  TFF2⁺epithelial cells are reduced in the aged stomach  Loss of TFF2 leads to elevated IL-1β and promotes gastric inflammaging  TFF2-MSA treatment suppresses aging-associated inflammation  The aged stomach exhibits increased susceptibility to tumor progression  MDSCs accumulate and over

  5. Slide 5: TFF2⁺ cells decline during gastric aging

    TFF2⁺cells decline during gastric aging Corpus Young Aged Young TFF2 ab TFF2 ISH DAPI DAPI TFF2 ab Aged Antrum GSII  Young mice, 3 months old; Aged mice, 18 months old  TFF2+ cells neck cells decline in aged stomach  TFF2+ progenitors decline in aged stomach

  6. Slide 6: TFF2 levels are reduced in aged mice

    TFF2 levels are reduced in aged mice Stomach Lysate TFF2 Serum TFF2 ✱ ✱  TFF2 expression is significantly reduced in aged gastric mucosa Stomach TFF2  Reduction is consistent in both stomach lysates and circulation  Indicates age-associated loss of mucosal protective signaling Young Aged

  7. Slide 7: PMN-MDSC accumulation and gastric inflammaging during aging

    PMN-MDSC accumulation and gastric inflammaging during aging Young Aged Stomach ✱  Aging induces accumulation of CD11b⁺Ly6G⁺ PMN-MDSCs in gastric tissue  PMN-MDSC accumulation is also evident in blood and bone marrow Blood Bone marrow Stomach ✱ ✱ ✱ Ly6G CD11b

  8. Slide 8: TFF2 deficiency recapitulates MDSC expansion

    TFF2 deficiency recapitulates MDSC expansion PMN-MDSCs in stomach PMN-MDSCs in PB CD3+CD8+ T cells in PB ✱  TFF2 deficiency is sufficient to drive PMN-MDSC expansion and reduce circulating CD8+ T cells, partially recapitulating the aged immune phenotype.

  9. Slide 9: TFF2-MSA suppresses inflammaging

    TFF2-MSA suppresses inflammaging  TFF2-MSA reduced PMN-MDSC accumulation and partially restored circulating CD8+ T cells.  In parallel, it suppressed myeloid bias in the bone marrow, indicating reversal of aging-associated inflammaging. 22.5mg/kg, IP inject, biw Stomach Blood BM Young ✱ Young + TF

  10. Slide 10: Aging promotes gastric tumor progression

    Aging promotes gastric tumor progression Young Young Aged Young Aged ✱✱✱ Aged  Orthotopic ACKP tumors were ACKP established in young and aged mice and harvest after 3 weeks.  Aged mice showed significantly increased tumor growth and burden across both ACKP and MNU models. ✱ Young Young Aged Aged M

  11. Slide 11: MDSC–CAF crosstalk drives tumor-promoting inflammation

    MDSC–CAF crosstalk drives tumor-promoting inflammation Orthotopic ACKP tumor Stomach PMN-MDSCs ✱✱ ✱ Young Aged ✱ DAPI IL1R1 Young Tumor-free Young ACKP Young + ACKP Aged + ACKP PB PMN-MDSCs PB CD8+ T cells PDGFRα ✱✱ ✱ Ly6G Aged Tumor-free Aged ACKP CD11b  PMN-MDSCs are expanded in the aged tumor mi

  12. Slide 12: TFF2-MSA reverses tumor progression in aged stomach

    TFF2-MSA reverses tumor progression in aged stomach Young Young Young + TFF2-MSA Young Aged Aged ✱✱✱ Aged + Tff2-MSA + Tff2-MSA Aged + TFF2-MSA ✱✱ ✱✱ ✱ TFF2-MSA: 40mg/kg, IP inject, every 3 weeks  TFF2-MSA pre-treatment suppresses tumor growth in aged mice  Tumor burden is significantly reduced in

  13. Slide 13: TFF2-MSA reverses tumor progression in aged stomach

    TFF2-MSA reverses tumor progression in aged stomach Orthotopic ACKP tumor Stomach PMN-MDSCs PB PMN-MDSCs PB CD3+CD8+ T cells ✱ DAPI ✱✱ Young ✱ ✱✱ ✱ Young + TFF2-MSA ✱✱ Aged % in CD45+ cells IL1R1 ✱ Aged + TFF2-MSA Young ACKP Young ACKP+TFF2-MSA PDGFRα Aged ACKP Aged ACKP+TFF2-MSA FACS  TFF2-MSA red

  14. Slide 14: Summary

    Summary  TFF2 loss amplifies gastric inflammaging during aging  PMN-MDSC derived IL-1β binds with IL1R1+ CAF further amplifies the inflammatory microenvironment  This cascade promotes tumor progression and is reversed by TFF2-MSA

  15. Slide 15: Thank you for your attention

    Acknowledgements Hualong Zheng Qian Jin Puran Zhang Feijing Wu Yi Zeng Biyun Zheng Juli Lin Hiroki Kobayashi Yosuke Ochiai Masahiro Hata Arai Junya Leah Zamechek Slais Bruce L. Daugherty Seth Lederman Thank you for your attention Timothy C. Wang

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